Estimators of the proportion of false null hypotheses: I "universal construction via Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations and uniform consistency under independence"
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The proportion of false null hypotheses is a very important quantity in statistical modelling and inference based on the two-component mixture model and its extensions, and in control and estimation of the false discovery rate and false non-discovery rate. Most existing estimators of this proportion threshold p-values, deconvolve the mixture model under constraints on the components, or depend heavily on the location-shift property of distributions. Hence, they usually are not consistent, applicable to non-location-shift distributions, or applicable to discrete statistics or p-values. To eliminate these shortcomings, we construct uniformly consistent estimators of the proportion as solutions to Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations. In particular, we provide such estimators respectively for random variables whose distributions have separable characteristic functions, form discrete natural exponential families with infinite supports, and form natural exponential families with separable moment sequences. We provide the speed of convergence and uniform consistency class for each such estimator. The constructions use Fourier transform, Mellin transform or probability generating functions, and have connections with Bessel functions. In addition, we provide example distribution families for which a consistent estimator of the proportion cannot be constructed using our techniques.
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